EXW 400
Stress Management (and beyond)
Mid
Term Exam Study Guide
3pts Be able to list and describe using examples the 3
fundamental components of the stress equation.
Stressor
(stimulus) + Individual Characteristics = stress response
2pts Know what the research by Yerkes and
Dodson at
The
theory that some stress (eustress) is necessary for
health and performance but that beyond an optimal amount both will deteriorate
as distress increases.
10pts Be able to list 4 common physical stress
reactions, 3 common emotional stress reactions, and 3 common behavioral stress
reactions (behavior changes due to stress) from those given in class or in your
text.
Emotional;
Frustration
Anger
Paranoia
Depersonalization
Short
Attention
Rigidity
Anxiety
Behavioral;
Poor
concentration
Prone
to accidents
Always
blaming others for problems
Decreased
work output
Decreased
personal accomplishments
Explosive
outbursts
Excessive
violence
Physical;
Fatigue
– low energy
Tension
headaches
Back
aches
Colds,
flu, and other illnesses
Dermatitis
Heart
and vascular disease
Sexual
dysfunctions
1pt Be able to identify the primary
organs of the central nervous system (CNS)
fig 2.1 on page 32
Brain
spinal cord, & peripheral nervous system (PNS)
4pts Be able to outline the divisions and
subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
6pts Be able to identify the primary
functions of each of the following areas of the brain:
Reticular formation (RAS) - A stimulus arrives from
sensory organs directly to vegetative level of brain or the brain stem where
the RAS is located.
Limbic system -
attaches feelings of pleasure or displeasure to arousal, and sends messages to cortex
Amygdala
Brain stem – here is where the RAS takes the
sensations and sends it up to the Amygdala
Hypothalamus -
control hunger, sex drive, BP, thirst, pleasure, pain, HR
•
Cortex - assesses physical arousal consciously and subconsciously, and
either increases or inhibits stress response
8pts Be able to describe how the primary
functions of each of the following areas of the brain relate to stress.
·
Reticular formation-
·
Amygdala – controls first response such as pull back, then
it sends the information to the judgment center where a decision is made about
the stress
·
Limbic system -
·
Neo cortex and cortex – where sensory information is fully processed,
analyzed, and judged
3 pts Know the primary neurotransmitters for
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Primary neurotransmitters for the sympathetic
nervous system;
Primary neurotransmitters for the parasympathetic
nervous system;
2pts Be able to identify how neural impulses
are transmitted along a neuron, and transmitted from one neuron to another, or
from a motor neuron to a muscle.
6pts Chapter 2 of your textbook describes 3 major neuroendocrine
axes. These are chain reactions of
biochemical messages, and are major components of the stress response in humans
that occur as a result of stimulation of a key area in the brain. Be able to name and correctly spell each axis
and describe one or more of its effects.
The
ACTH Axis – This starts with the release of CRF which makes the pituitary gland
release ACTH, then this turns on the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex then releases cortisol and
aldosterone so the body has increased metabolism and BP.
The
Vasopressin Axis – This is activated by the hypothalamus and then released by
the pituitary gland. Vasopressin (ADH) is
responsible for BP. Therefore under
prolonged releases of ADH BP is not able to be regulated as it normally
would. This is how we get hypertension.
The
Thyroxine Axis- This is activated the same
as ADH, the hypothalamus release of thyrotropic hormone factor (TRF). TRF goes to the back of the pituitary gland
and releases TTH this goes to the thyroid gland and releases thyroxine and
triiodothyronine. The effects
of this increase is to get your metabolisum up
but they can last for 10 days to 2 weeks.
4pts Be able to name at least 2 of the
primary glands of the immune system and give the major function of each.
Thymus gland which allows stem cells to develop into T-cells.
Lymph
nodes
Spleen
Bone Marrow
2pts Know which type of lymphocytes (immune system cells) help to
protect against cancer, and which type of lymphocytes help to protect against
infectious diseases, like anthrax.
T-lymphocytes
1. T-Helpers – specialized for external pathogens
2. Cytotoxic T-Cells – Kill tumor cells or body’s own cells infected by
virus i.e. cancer
B-lymphocytes
1. Kill external pathogens
bacteria
2. Kill
virus i.e. anthrax
4pts The
Borysenko Model for the relationship between stress and disease divides the
causes of disease into either autonomic nervous system (ANS)
dysregulation or immune system dysregulation.
§
Be able to list 2 examples of specific medical problems resulting from
autonomic dysregulation and 2 specific examples from immune dysregulation
§
ANS dysregulation – tension headache, high blood pressure, asthma,
diarrhea
§
Immune dysregulation – allergies, cancer
§
According to Borysenko, there are two types of immune system
dysregulation. Be able to name them and
give examples of each type.
§
Over-reaction – Allergies, Arthritis
§
Under-reaction – Cold/flu, cancer
6pts Be able to explain at least 2 of the key concepts of Dr.
Candace Pert’s research on the relationship between
the brain and the immune system.
lymphocytes also produce
many NT’s themselves
that neurotransmitters are not only produced in the brain
6pts Be able to describe at least 3 detrimental effects of
prolonged excess secretion of cortisol (as it occurs with chronic stress).
Bone
lose, memory
The
increased amount of cortisol in the blood will lead to plaque buildup in the
arteries and this will lead to hypertension and coronary heart
disease.
1pt Be able to identify the key concepts
of the Gerber Model with respect to the mind and the brain.
The
mind and the brain are not he same.
There is a human energy field that when disrupted can lead to illness.
5pts Understand the definition of entrainment,
and its relationship to health issues.
The tuning fork example, where the one with the lower frequency
will change its tune to match the higher one.
4pts Dr. Kenneth Pelletier cites several types of compelling research
evidence dealing with the relationship between thoughts and disease. These are:
§
Multiple personality disorders -
§
Spontaneous remission -
§
Placebos – These work 35% 70% of the time.
§
Immunoenhancement – Inspirational thoughts , hope, watching the 3 stooges
Know how each of these concepts apply
to the effects of our thoughts on our health.
4pts According to Dr. Richard Lazarus’ “Cognitive Appraisal Model” of
stress, there are two appraisal processes continually in play as we interact
with our environment. Be able to define
and describe each appraisal process.
Primary if your brain decides whether this is stressful, the
secondary when you already have the stress how to deal.
4pts Be able to list examples of individual
characteristics that impact each of the appraisal processes in the Cognitive
Appraisal Model of stress. Be able to
explain why and how the characteristics affect each of the appraisal processes.
Beliefs
values attitudes
self esteem
Current
state of health self efficacy
Expectations self image
5pts Be able to list and briefly describe 5
characteristics of Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP).
Demanding of self and other, excessive competitiveness.
1pt Be able to identify which of the Type
A characteristics is most closely correlated with increased risk for CHD and
early death.
Hostility, anger, cynicism, aggression.
2pts Be able to briefly describe what gestalt psychologists have
discovered about how the structure of the human brain affects the way we
perceive the environment, and how that relates to our perception of stress.
6pts Be able to clearly explain 2 important
principles that the F-card exercise illustrated regarding human
perceptions. The principles must be
taken from class discussion.
Blind
spots, perception differently come personality
1pt Be able to identify 2 to 3 key
elements of hostility as Dr. Redford Williams defines it.
Cynicism,
aggression, anger
1pt Be able to identify at least 3
personality characteristics that are associated with an abnormally high risk
for cancer, according to Dr. Caroline Bedell-Thomas.
control
or suppress feelings, lack of closeness with parents
3pts Be able to describe 3 key
characteristics of the co-dependent personality.
Inadequate,
low self esteem
1pt Be able to identify 4 key
characteristics of Learned Helplessness.
Depressed,
pessimistic, explanatory style
1pt Know what the one common denominator is for the 3 major
stress-prone personalities.
Self
esteem
2pts Be able to identify what the “Seville
Statement” of 1986, proclaimed regarding aggression in humans.